Category: Monthly photo competition
Protected: Photograph Competition November 2020
Protected: Photograph Competition September 2020
Petalochilus – when use of a segregate or common name is helpful
The following article is from the Native Orchid Society of South Australia Journal Volume 44 No 7, author Rosalie Lawrence.
Over the years there have been many orchid name changes (particularly at genus level), some quite drastic, some multiple times and for many there can be a reversion back. Yes, this creates confusion but there are times when some of these name changes, known as segregates (both at species and genus level) can be useful.
A case in point, is Lindsay Ames’ winning photograph (June) – Caladenia carnea synonym Petalochilus carneus. Petalochilus was proposed as a genus in 2001 by DL Jones, MA Clements, et al. It was one of many proposed genera changes. Many discussion papers followed but in 2015 after further taxonomic and DNA work, Mark Clements et al published a paper that “points to Lindley’s 1840 interpretation of Caladenia (…..) as being the most accurate reflection of the group.” Hence the discontinued use of Petalochilus and the other segregate genera.
So, it currently belongs with Caladenia, a large genus with over 350 species (mainly in Australia). It is a genus with great morphological (visual) diversity – compare Caladenia tentaculata with C. cucullata or C. flava. But Caladenia
subgenera Caladenia (synonym Petalochilus*), as a much smaller segregate genus allows us to visualize a specific group within the Caladenia genus.
Caladenia sens. lat. are characterised by single hairy leaf, lacking lobes or serrations; hairy stem; showy flowers with similar sepals & petals. The labellum is highly modified consisting of three lobes with calli on the middle lobe.
Petalochilus is further characterised by small (1 – 5 cm) pink to white flowers,
short broad forward projecting tepals; erect to slightly incurved dorsal sepal,
distinct trilobe labellum, hinged, with calli and red transverse bars, column
green to pink with red to purple bars.
Yet within Petalochilus itself there can be further groupings of which P carneus is most likely the main one. This consists of at least 8 species – P carneus (C carnea), P catenatus (C catenata), P coactilis (C coactilis), P fuscatus (C fuscata), P ornatus (C ornata), P prolatus (C prolata) , P. vulgaris (C vulgaris) and P xantholeucus (C xantholeuca). When a specimen cannot be identified to species level, it may be helpful to refer to it as a complex.
This is where comes the fun of trying to identify the specific species in the field (or for that matter from a photograph). To help myself understand, I often produce comparison charts based on descriptions found in the literature. The chart comparing the eight species is available as a pdf.
*Throughout the article the synonym Petalochilus is used for Caladenia subgenera Caladenia to make a clear distinction from Caladenia sens lat. It needs
to be noted C carnea is considered the type specimen for Caladenia so with any splits, it will remain in Caladenia.
References
Backhouse G et al,Bush Gems: a guide to the Wild Orchids of Victoria 2016
Bates R B South Australia’s Native Orchids 2011
Clements MA, et al, Caladenia Revisited: Results of Molecular Phylogenetic Analyses of Caladeniinae Plastid and Nuclear Loci 2015
Jones DJ, A Complete Guide to Australian Orchids including it Territories and Islands 2006
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caladenia Accessed 3 August 2020
https://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/Petalochilus Accessed 3 August 2020
Thank you to Andrew Brown for reviewing this article.
Protected: Photograph Competition August 2020
Protected: Photograph Competition June 2020
South Australia’s Arachnorchis cardiochila
The following article, March Winning Photograph, is from Volume 44 no 4, May 2020 Native Orchid Society of South Australia Journal.
Pauline Myers’ Arachnorchis cardiochila was the winning picture. Synonyms for Arachnorchis cardiochila are Caladenia cardiochila, Phlebochilus cardiochilus and Caladenia tessellata. Common names include Heart Lipped Spider Orchid, Thick Lipped Spider Orchid, Fleshy Lipped Caladenia.
This species was named in 1886 by Professor Tate who presented it at the Royal Society of South australia at the October meeting. He did the original drawing.
The type specimen was collected at Golden Grove on October 2 1886 but it had also been collected much earlier (1865) at Barraba Scrub which is in the region of Mallalla.
Its fate in both these areas has not been good; it is extinct in Golden Grove and critically endangered in the region containing Barabba Scrub. Although, it is considered to be a reasonably common orchid throughout its range in South Australia, Victoria and Southern New South Wales, there are areas of concern as seen the Seedbank of South Australia map below.
It should be noted that though Caladenia tessallata is listed as a synonym that this was used incorrectly, as C. tessallata is a separate but similar species found in the eastern states. Its main difference from C. cardiochila is that the edge of the labellum (lip) is toothed, not smooth as seen in Pauline’s photo.
Diplodium robustum or Diplodium sp Adelaide Hills?
The following article has been adapted from the 2019 July Winning Photograph
The July competition resulted in a draw. This article will concentrate upon only one of the winner’s – Lisa Incoll’s photograph of a Diplodium sp. found in the Southern Lofty Ranges.
Sometimes images are sent through unnamed or with only the genus named as in the case of Lisa’s picture. Unfortunately, it is not always possible to determine the identity from only one photograph beyond the genus level. In this case it can be seen that it is a Pterostylis but since the introduction of a segregate genera it is possible to narrow it down further to Diplodium sp.
Since there are two main Diplodium found in the Adelaide Hills (D. robustum and D. sp Adelaide Hills), I thought it would be a good opportunity to compare these two species.
The phrase name D. sp Adelaide Hills is used to distinguish it from D. alatum (syn. Pterostylis alata) which is considered to be endemic to Tasmania. The mainland species P. striata was previously known as P. alata. The eFlora-SA, the Adelaide Herbarium online key and census of the SA Flora has D. sp Adelaide Hills listed as P. alata (syn D. alatum).
D. sp Adelaide Hills and D. robustum share many similar feeatures. In the dichotomous fey found on the eFlora-SA, the separation between the two is primarily based upon size. D. sp Adleaide Hills is generally a taller-stemmed plant with a smaller flower and smaller, more slender cauline leaves. D. robustum is mainly a larger flower on a shorter stem. However there is an overlap between D. robustum and small specimens of D. sp Adleaide Hills which can make determination of species difficult.
Based upon the descriptions and the key from eFlora-SA, Orchids of South Australia (1990) and South Australian Native Orchids (2011), the following table shows the similaritites and differences between the two species. For completeness, shared features (highlighted in bold) are also included.
| Diplodium robustum (syn. Pterostylis robusta) | Diplodium sp Adelaide Hills (syn. D. alatum, P. alata) | |
| Plant Height | 5-20cm tall (usually less than 10cm tall); robust stem | 8-25 cm tall; slender stem |
| Sterile plants | Yes | Yes |
| Leaves | 6 – 7 ovate or elliptic-ovate (ie range from oval to egg-shaped) leaves in rosettes on long petioles | 3 – 8 ovate leaves in small rosettes on long petioles |
| Leaf edges | Smooth | |
| Flowering Plants | No rosettes or basal leaves | No rosettes or basal leaves |
| Cauline Leaves | Alternating leaves clasping the base & increasing in size from the base upwards. Acuminate (long drawn out point) | Alternating leaves clasping the base & increasing in size from the base upwards. Acuminate |
| Broad (up to 8mm wide) lanceolate serrulate (tiny teeth) cauline leaves more than 3cm long | Slender lanceolate, cauline leaves less than 3cm long | |
| FLOWER | ||
| Blooms can last up to 8 weeks in sheltered places | Delicate flowers can soon collapse with strong drying winds | |
| Inflorescence | Singular flower | Singular flower |
| Colour | Bright green & white with deeper green, longitudinal stripes | Pale-green or white with darker striations |
| Galea | Erect; bulbous near the base | Erect; bulbous near the base |
| Length 25 – 45 mm; diameter more than 20 mm; gradually curved forward at the apex | Length 20 – 25 mm long; Diameter less than 18 mm; gradually incurved | |
| Dorsal Sepal | Ends in a long fine point to 5 mm long | Apex blunt; ends in a short fine point |
| Petals | Blunt | Blunt or acute |
| Lateral Sepals | Erect; conjoined basally; distally, the tips produced into long filiform erect points, embracing the galea & greatly exceeding it | Erect; conjoined basally; distally, the tips produced into long filiform erect points, embracing the galea & greatly exceeding it |
| Sinus (region where lateral sepals separate) | Flat, with a wide, shallow central v-notch; protruding in a shallow curve whenviewed from the side | Narrow sinus, with a notch in the middle; not bulging |
| Labellum | Movable claw; nearly straight | Movable claw; nearly straight |
| Dark green | Greenish | |
| Erect potition | Recaches height of the column | Slightly exceeding the height of the column |
| Column | Column erect | Column erect |
| Habitat | Forms small to extensive colonies | Forms small to extensive colonies |
| in rocky places; forest or scrublands | in rocky or shady locations; forest or forest heathlands | |
| Regions | Mt Lofty Ranges | Mt Lofty Ranges |
| Flinders Ranges; Eyre Peninsula; Yorke Pensinsula; Upper South East | Kangaroo Island; South East; possibly Eyre Peninsula | |
| Rainfall area | Greater than 250 mm | Greater than 600 mm |
| Flowering Time | May – September | May – July |
Of course, as these two hybridise, that will complicate things, Hybrids will have characteristics of both parents but, with hybrid vigour; and vigour is one of the separating features between the two!
References
http://flora.sa.gov.au/cgi-bin/speciesfacts_display.cgi?genus=Pterostylis&species=robusta Accessed 6 September 2019
http://flora.sa.gov.au/cgi-bin/speciesfacts_display.cgi?genus=Pterostylis&species=alata Accessed 6 September 2019
Bates RJ, 2011 South Australia’s Native Orchids, electronic
Bates RJ Weber JZ, 1990, Orchids of South Australia,
Caladenia plicata – April Winning Photograph
Shane Grave’s winning photograph for April was the spring flowering Caladenia plicata which is endemic to the South West of Western Australia.
Caladenia is a very large genus with over 330 species, 39 of these currently unnamed. In addition, there are 58 named subspecies and varieties. Caladenia plicata would belong under the subgenus Calonema or the segregate genus Arachnorchis which, although not generally recognised by State herbaria is commonly accepted by many amateur enthusiasts. Yet even this subdivision is still large with 192 species. As a result, some authors have created further groups/complexes, for example C. dilatata complex, C. longicauda complex, etc. However, according to Andrew Brown, C. plicata doesn’t seem to fit neatly into any of these categories, although David Jones does include it within the clubbed spider orchids.
Various authors consistently refer to the labellum as being unusual. In Fitzgerald’s formal description (1882) he states that the labellum tip is “recurved so as to become plicate and touch the under surface of the disc”. Plicate means to fold. The labellum tip of many other Arachnorchis species are known to curl under but none fold under in the way that this species does. The sharp fold with the spreading horizontal fringed margins (edges) combined with a central band of tall dense calli (wart-like structures) gives a distinctive shape reminiscence of a crab, hence the common name Crab Lipped Spider Orchid. The effect of this is best seen from a front, rather than a side, view.
The very mobile labellum is sufficient to identify this species, but it is also possible to identify when in bud “due to the prominent short osmophores (clubs) on the sepals”. The sepals narrow halfway along to form thick brown clubs and when the flower is open both the lateral sepals and petals are downswept. This is clearly seen in Shane’s photograph.
Finally, for those interested in pollination, it is pollinated by an undescribed male thynnine wasp of the genus Zeleboria. This has been captured on video https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0960982217306310-mmc6.mp4
Thank you to Andrew Brown for assisting me with this article.
References:
Brown A, et al, Field Guide to the Orchids of Western Australia 2013
Brown A, personal communication
Caladenia accessed 24 May 2019
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caladenia
Caladenia plicata Wikipedia accessed 24 May 2019
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caladenia_plicata
Haiyang Xu et al Complex Sexual Deception in an Orchid Is Achieved by Co-opting Two Independent Biosynthetic Pathways for Pollinator Attraction 2017
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982217306310
Jones DL, A Complete Guide to Native Orchids of Australia including the Island Territories 2006
Jones DL, et al, Australian Orchid Genera CD-ROM 2008 CSIRO accessed 24 May 2019
https://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/cd-keys/orchidkey/html/genera/Arachnorchis.htm
Pelloe, EH, West Australian Orchids 1930
http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks04/0400681h.html#page50
Orchids of South-West Australia website
http://chookman.id.au/wp_orchids/?page_id=2424
Corunastylis ciliata – 2019 March Winning Photograph
The winning photograph for March 2019, was Corunasylis ciliata (syn Genoplesium ciliatum). As with so many orchids, it has undergone a few name changes. Originally Prasophyllum, then Genoplesium and currently Corunastylis
Although Genoplesium was split into two with only one species remaining in Genoplesium and the others placed into Corunastylis, this split has not been accepted by the everyone. For example, eflora of SA and PlantNET use Genoplesium whilst VicFlora uses Corunastylis.
Whilst researching C. ciliatum I came across images of Prasophyllum spp. being misidentified as Corunastylis spp. and as it was originally described in Prasophyllum it seems appropriate to examine the similarities and differences between the two genera.
In South Australia (SA), the most obvious difference would appear to be size but across the rest of the country some Prasophyllum species potentially can be similar in size to the much smaller Corunastylis, although Corunastylis species are never as large as many of the Prasophyllum species.
Some of the shared features of the two genera are
- multi-flowered on a single stem
- single tubular leaf
- flowers non-resupinate, that is the labellum is above the column and the dorsal sepal is below (the only other non-resupinate flowered orchids in SA are Gastrodia, Caleana, including Paracaleana, and Cryptostylis subulata)
- Grow as scattered individuals
| Prasophyllum | Corunastylis | |
| Size | Tends to be a larger plant (up to 150cm), but can sometimes be as small as Corunastylis | Always a small plant (maximum no more than 90mm) |
| Leaf | Leaf sheaf opens well below the inflorescence (flower head) | Leaf sheaf opens at the base of the inflorescence. |
| Leaf | Often withered at flowering | Not withered at flowering |
| Labellum | Immobile | Mobile |
| Usually curved backwards (recurved) resulting in an upright appearance of the flower. | Not recurved resulting in a more drooping appearance of the flower | |
| Season | Mainly spring flowering | Mainly autumn flowering |
References:
Jones DL A Complete Guide to Native Orchids of Australia including the Island Territories 2006
Prasophyllum and Corunastylis descriptions from VicFlora, accessed 1 May 2029
https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/bbf0eb5e-fc8d-426b-9cac-58c384474e17
https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/91aa3829-ead8-407f-9db7-db2357ddb7e1
Bates R & Weber J Orchids of South Australia 1990
Jones DL, et al, Australian Orchid Genera CD-ROM 2008 CSIRO
Thank you to Greg Steenbeeke for reviewing the article.
